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成功應徵之道

譯者：陳美珍 Dinger,  Red Hill

Today, being pretty good at interviewing for a job isn’t good enough. You may have suffered through numerous interviews – each time knowing that you’re one of hundreds of candidates for a single position. You may have searched for information on how to make yourself stand above the crowd.
爾今，光是精於工作面試已不算甚麼。你也許已歷經無數面試-每次都是只有百中選一的機會，你也許也各方打探消息，期待自己能脫穎而出。

That’s a good start, but the real key to success lies in four steps you can take before your next interview. These steps will help you answer the tough questions better, decrease your nerves and increase your chances of getting the right job for you.
這是好的開始，但真正成功的關鍵，仍有賴於你能在下次面試之前，確切採行四大步驟，幫助自己更能應對艱難的詢問、減少緊張、增加理想工作的機會。

These steps aren’t revolutionary; however, most people skip at least one, if not more. By completing all four, you will be on your way to giving your strongest interview ever.
這些步驟絕非革命性的創舉，然而，大多數人總是會遺漏其一。當四項俱全，你就更能無往不利。

Step 1: Know Yourself
            認識自己
Sound simple? It might appear easy, but this first step involves critical reflection and self-awareness. It will help you with every aspect of the job search, not just interview preparation. It’s a step that ideally should be taken long before you ever apply for a job. And it’s probably the step that most people skip.
聽起來似乎簡單？表面上容易，這起步要求的，卻是嚴苛的省思與自覺。不儘是應徵工作，在職場任何層面，都相當有助益。認識自己，早在應徵工作前，就應採取的步驟，很多人卻省略了。

Knowing yourself starts with understanding your values and priorities. Your values can be lofty – I want to make a difference – or very practical – I want a short commute. They can include an interest in developing specific skills, making more money, being entrepreneurial or working on a particular issue. Once you’ve identified your values, then you need to prioritize them. What is the most important, related to your job, and what can you incorporate into your life outside of work.
認識自己，從了解個人價值觀，及優先順序開始。你可能很有理想 - 我要改變一切，或可能很實際 - 我想要短距離通勤。價值觀，可能包括發展特殊技能的興趣，賺取更多財富，未來創業，或在特定領域努力發展。一旦你確認個人的價值觀，就要著手排出優先順序。與工作有關最重要的是甚麼，以及工作之餘，要如何在工作之餘的生活中精進。

After values and priorities, you’ll want to consider strengths and interests. Jan Fischoeder, who leads Career Services at the Hertie School of Governance in Berlin, Germany, says, “You should consider your own strengths and weaknesses and how to present them. The crucial point in conveying your weaknesses is to present them as challenges or dynamic strengths. For example, if one has a problem in delegating work to team members, it is good to mention that one knows about this problem and that one has developed an open communication strategy to meet this individual challenge. This, in turn, makes you come across as open to learning and as a thought-through personality.”
確認價值觀與優先順序後，你仍需考量個人的優勢與興趣。領導德國柏林Hertie 管理學院職涯服務部門的Jan Fischoeder說：「你應考量個人優勢與弱點，及如何表達。陳述個人弱項的重點，是能將它視為挑戰或激勵個人的動能。比方說，個人對指派工作給團隊成員，感覺到有困難，就可以坦承個人弱點，並表明願以開放溝通的策略以應挑戰。如此一來，讓你自己更能開放學習，並表現個人開通的性格。」

Remember, just because you’re good at something, doesn’t mean you have to like it or want to make it your career. Make a list in each category: priorities, values, interests and strengths. Then, when you have considered all of these areas, focus on what is relevant to your job search and, more specifically, your upcoming interview.
請記得，精通某項專長，並不代表你必須喜歡它，或應用於你未來的職場上。在優先順序、價值觀、興趣、優勢各欄列出清單，然後通盤考量，專注於準備與工作相關的能力，更正確地說，專注於即將面臨的面談。

Using your four lists, you will be able to develop questions for your interviewer. Questions demonstrate your knowledge of the organization, that you’re seriously interested in the position, that you have taken initiative and that you understand how you could fit in the organization. As you develop your questions, show your knowledge of the organization or industry, when possible.
運用用這四項自省，就可以規劃面試官的問題。這些問題，展現你對公司的認知，表現出自己對這項職務的高度興趣，也主動了解自己的能力，以及瞭解你一定能夠勝任此項工作。在擬定問題時，儘可能表達個人對公司或企業的了解。 

This is also a time to prepare concrete examples or anecdotes that demonstrate your relevant strengths, your key skills that are needed in the particular industry, and any special abilities and experiences that the organization is seeking in candidates.
此時也是以實例，或軼事來展現個人相關優勢的好時機，特別是專門企業所強烈需求的重要技能，往往使求職者脫穎而出。 
　

Paul Binkley, career development services director for the Trachtenberg School at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., says, “Too many people don’t know their own résumé. This may seem obvious, but many people don’t think they need to review what they included in their application. Remembering what you put on your résumé will help you remember multiple examples to use. It is bad form to use the same example to answer more than one question, and even worse to say, ‘I can’t come up with any examples for that.’”
美國華府特區喬治華盛頓大學Trachtenberg公共政策與公共管理學院職涯發展服務中心主任Paul Binkley說：「太多人不了解自己的履歷，顯而易見地，很多人不認為需要檢查應徵時所附上的資料。記住，履歷上的呈現，將協助你記住不同可運用的佳例。以一例應付多元問題，是差勁的方式，更糟的是回應：『我沒有任何可以舉證的。』」
　

This preparation is especially helpful for a behavioral-based interview, where the interviewer looks at past performance in similar situations as the most accurate predictor of future performance.
對於需溯往經驗的工作面談，能清楚陳述個人的準備，是特別有用的。面試官視個人過去的表現，為未來呈現的最佳預測。

You also want to think about your salary requirements. What do you want, and what do you need? You also need to research the field and learn what is realistic to expect in terms of compensation. By thinking about and researching the compensation possibilities ahead of time, you will be much more prepared to handle any surprise salary questions in an interview.
你也許想談談薪資條件，該要甚麼及需做甚麼。你需調查清楚，這領域並習知合理的薪資期待，及可能的各項補助福利。及早思量，並打聽福利措施，要因應面談中任何意外的薪資話題，你都能有備而來。

Fischoeder notes, “Once you know your values, you are also in a much better position to present your value in terms of salary expectations.” Remember, you want to avoid discussions related to salary until you have an offer; this is when you have the most negotiating power. 

Fischoeder強調：「一但清楚個人價值，當論及薪資期許時，就更有利於呈現個人價值。」記得，除非你強調個人能有所貢獻，否則應避免論及薪資，要在最有利談判時才出手。

Step 2: Know the Organization and the Job 
           了解公司及工作
After establishing a foundation of knowing what you want and what you have to offer, it’s time to learn more about where you’re potentially going. Of course, you should have conducted extensive research into the job and the organization before you submitted an application. Now it’s time to revisit that research.
建立完成以了解想要甚麼及所能貢獻的基礎後，就是探索更多自己可能的發展。當然在送出應徵信函之前，想必你已對工作及公司多加打探了解。現在來檢視一下吧。

Even if you examined it before, it’s time to dig in and study all that the organization’s Web site has to offer. In addition to the obvious sections, review recent press releases, any executive summaries, what other jobs are offered and even the obscure pages. Leave no link unchecked. Know the organization’s mission, vision, history, accomplishments and current projects.
即便以前檢視過，現在更要依據公司的網頁，更深一層的去發掘研究它所能提供的資料。進而回顧剛發佈的新聞消息、執行會議報告、其他釋放的職缺，甚至較不明顯的網頁，徹底蒐尋一次，好好了解公司的使命､願景、歷史沿革、成就及現有的專案計劃。

Review any other information you can find about the organization. Search online for similar organizations, such as their competitors. Talk to people at the organization or in the field. Informational interviews can garner great insights. The more you know, the better answers you can provide at the interview.
蒐尋任何你可以找到，有關公司的資訊。線上蒐尋相同行業，比如說他們的競爭者的資訊。與公司內部或同領域人員聊聊。這些資訊蒐集的訪談，讓你擁有更好的洞察力。所知越詳細，在應徵面談時越能對答如流。

Next, revisit the job description. Make sure you remember exactly which job you’re interviewing for. But don’t just read the announcement, study it. Underline the knowledge areas and experiences required and requested. Match those with the anecdotes you’ve already thought of and think of new ones: Have two to three anecdotes for each skill or experience sought.
接下來再回頭到職務說明。確認自己完全了解想應徵的這份工作。不要只讀公告資料，要花心力深入研究，了解知識領域及所要求的經驗。以相當的個人舊經驗呼應，在添加數筆每項技能所需的個人經歷。

Katharine S. Brooks, liberal arts career services director at the University of Texas at Austin, recommends, “When you read the job description, note the characteristics or skills the employer is seeking and then match yourself to them. Be ready to tell stories that illustrate your skills – don’t just tell an employer that, ‘yes, I am a hard worker.’ Instead, explain how you’re a hard worker, as in, ‘I noticed that your job description mentioned the hard work involved in this position. You might be interested to know that last year I worked on three projects simultaneously while also…’ – any story that illustrates how/why you have the skills or knowledge the employer is seeking.”
位於奧斯丁的美國德州大學自由藝術職涯服務中心主任Katharine S. Brooks，她建議：「當你閱讀職務說明，注意業者所注重的特質或技能，讓自己能符合期待。用個人經歷說明能勝任 – 不要一股腦回應：『我將會是勤奮的好員工。』而是要說明，你如何會成為勤奮的好員工。比方說：『我注意到您應徵欄裡提到工作勤奮的要求，或許您有興趣了解，去年我同時進行3個專案.....』任何可舉例說明，為何，以及如何，你擁有職缺所要求的知識與技能。」 
　

At this point, you should develop additional questions. Beyond the regular questions you have during interviewing, what do you want or need to know about this position or organization? Write the questions down, and take them with you to the interview. An interview can be stressful, so don’t assume you’ll remember all the questions you have.
在此，你需發展額外的提問。除了工作面談常見的問題，你有要知道，或需知道關於職缺，或公司的疑問，通通寫下來赴約。工作面談有時相當緊張，別認為你能記住所有想發問的題目。

In the corner of the page in small print, make a concise list of the key items about yourself you want to cover in an interview. You can refer to this throughout the interview to ensure you’ve covered all that you have to offer. 
在小抄裡，以關鍵字詳盡描述工作面談可論及的個人技能經歷。整個面談隨時可參考並確信已言無不盡。

Step 3: Practice
            練習
Now it’s time to practice. Run through typical interview questions, including the ones offered in the sidebar to this article. Just like Table Topics, make sure you answer questions thoroughly but concisely. Focus especially on any questions you know are personally challenging. You can anticipate questions related to the skills and experiences outlined in the job description.
現在該是練習的時候。參考本文所附提問，先練習典型的面談問題。就如同即席演講，確認自己回答是完盡簡潔。能聚焦回應可是個挑戰，能從工作中預測提問，了解所注重的的技能與經歷。

Research and try the STAR (Situation, Task, Action, Result) or CCAR (Context, Challenge, Action, Result) techniques, especially for behavioral-based questions. You can find sample interviews using these techniques online. Practicing with questions from different interview systems can help you add more clarity and depth to your answers.
做點研究，試試STAR(S狀況、T任務、A行動、R結果)，或CCAR(C事件脈絡、C挑戰、A行動、R結果)等技巧，特別是以行為依據的提問。你可在網路線上找到使用此技巧的面談範例。運用不同面談技巧練習回應，可幫助自己回答的更精準與有深度。

As you practice interview situations, always answer in the most relevant way. (And, of course, do this in the real interview as well.) Don’t share a fact, such as where you grew up, unless it matters. Brooks notes, “It’s great to know your strengths generally, but you need to articulate them in a manner that speaks to the position and the organization. Bringing up strengths that aren’t needed for the position will indicate that you haven’t done the research and don’t understand the position.”
當練習面談實況時，永遠回答與主題有關的答案(當然，在實際面談時也應如此。)，不要只分享背景事實，如在那兒成長，除非與面談提問有關。Brooks強調：「了解你所有優勢是很棒，但也需要以與公司職位相當的態度清晰表達。提起與無關職缺所需的優勢，只是顯示自己沒有對新公司，及職位做好探究的功課。」 
　

If you can, demonstrate knowledge of the organization by paralleling what you’ve done and inserting examples of projects, approaches or techniques similar to what the organization is doing. Be concrete, positive and naturally enthusiastic. Don’t be afraid to take a moment to think about an answer. And don’t forget to smile.
可能的話，以曾做過與新公司雷同的專案方式，或相關的技巧來回應，以展現對公司的了解。要實在正面，有自然的熱誠。稍微考慮一下再回答也沒問題，還有別忘了微笑。

It’s also important to practice out loud. Catherine Stace, career advisor at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, says, “If you are a student, visit your career center for a mock interview. If you are not a student, there are many community organizations that offer interview skills workshops and practice sessions. If all else fails, ask a friend to find you someone you don’t know to conduct a mock interview.” 

大聲練習也很重要。加拿大蒙特婁市的McGill大學職涯顧問Catherine Stace說道：「學生的話，可到大學附設的職涯中心參加模擬面試。社會人士呢，可參加社區所舉辦的職場面談工作坊來練習。假如都不行的話，也可以找個不認識的人，來協助你來場模擬面試。」

Of course, your club meeting is also a perfect place to practice. Arrange a Table Topics session dedicated to interview questions or videotape yourself practicing with fellow Toastmasters. Regardless of how you practice, it’s important to vocalize your answers. Don’t memorize answers word for word – you don’t want to sound like a robot. Instead, work to reach a comfort level with the potential questions, skills and experiences involved in the position. You might be asked a tough question – one you never anticipated – but your research and practice will make it easier to handle. 
當然，演講會內也是很好的練習場所。可以把面談話題，當即席演講的題目，可以錄下與會友練習的情況，將回答的語詞更有聲調變化。千萬不要逐字背誦，聽起來像個機器人。反之，以與職缺相關的個人經歷，有技巧地回應可能的提問，最終讓自己讓人覺得合宜得體。即便被問要一個意料之外的難題，你曾經做的功課，包括蒐尋資料及練習的經驗，將讓你更容易掌握情況。

Step 4: Make the Right Impression
            給人一個合宜的好印象
Now that you thoroughly know yourself, the position and organization, and you’ve practiced articulating what you have to offer as well as how it relates to the opening, you’re ready to showcase that in your best light.
既然你已完全了解自己、未來的職缺及公司概況，也練習得能清楚地表達個人己長與如何開場，現在你準備好要大放異彩。

That means you must dress the part. Stace says, “Where I often see students fall short is in understanding the importance of first impressions. Choose your clothes wisely. Take some time to prepare, and try on your clothes well beforehand and leave enough time to fix any problems that might arise. Keep jewelry to a minimum and, as quite a few workplaces have perfume/ cologne bans, avoid putting on scents.”
這表示你要體面出場。Stace說：「我常看到有些學生，不瞭解給人留下好的第一印象的重要。慎選衣著，事先花點時間準備，試穿看看妥當否，並留些時間，萬一有臨時狀況發生。珠寶配件少帶，有些職場禁擦香水古龍水，避免香味過濃。」

Unless you are told differently, you should dress in standard business attire. Most often, this means a suit. Look polished in other ways, including your hair, shoes, jewelry, make-up and other potential accessories. Take a briefcase, professional bag or some type of portfolio. You should have extra copies of your résumé, especially if you’ve revised it. You could also consider bringing references or samples of your past work. And don’t forget your list of questions for the interviewer, with the list of items you want to cover about yourself.
除非有特別聲明，你應如職場商業標準正式打扮，所謂的套裝。光鮮閃亮登場，包括髮型、鞋子、配飾、裝扮及其他可能的配件。帶個公事包、專業形象的包款或個人檔案之類。多帶一份履歷，特別是寄出後你又有的修正。考慮將過去職場相關的參考例證帶著。更別忘了將自己模擬的提問單帶著，以完全展現自己。
　

Arrive 10 to 15 minutes early. Any earlier and it will be an imposition. You can arrive earlier to the general area, as long as you don’t go into the office. Arriving extra early can help you regain composure if you’ve had a stressful day or travel experience. Visit a nearby restroom to put that final polish on your appearance and recheck your portfolio items.
請提早10或15分鐘抵達。更早就不適宜了。不然，太早到就先到一般區域，只要不進辦公室。如果當工作或交通狀況讓你有壓力，可以早點來讓自己恢復平穩。使用鄰近化妝室整理儀容，並再檢查一次自己所帶的檔案資料。 
　

Now you’re ready for the interview. Take the time to go through each of these four steps for every interview, and you will find yourself consistently giving your best interview ever!
現在你已準備好要面談。每次面談前，花些時間重溫這四項步驟，你將發現每次面試都是最好的表現。 
　

Jennifer L. Blanck, ACS, AL, is assistant dean of career and alumni services for the Georgetown Public Policy Institute at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. She is the founder and current Vice President Education of the Georgetown Toastmasters club.

作者：Jennifer L. Blanck, 銀牌高級演講員及高級領導員，華府特區喬治華盛頓大學公共政策學院職場及校友助理院長，她是Gorgetown演講會創會會長，以及現任教育副會長。

譯者：陳美珍 Dinger, Red Hill Toastmasters Club